% Discourse 2009 % Groep 1 & 2 code: :- [interpret2020]. go :- retractall(tel(_)), assert(tel(1)), %blank slate DRS = drs([], []), S = [ ['in', 'het', 'midden', 'van', 'het', 'hartje', 'van', 'het', 'binnenste', 'van', 'het', 'muiskleurig', 'gebergte', 'woonde', 'de', 'weerwolf'], ['hij', 'was', 'groot', 'en', 'verschrikkelijk'], ['zijn', 'ogen', 'sproeiden', 'vuur', 'en', 'zijn', 'tong', 'had', 'karteltjes'] ], analyse(S, DRS, NewDRS), %S1 = ['iedere', 'avond', 'om', 'zes', 'uur', 'stiet', 'hij', 'een', 'gebrul', 'uit', 'waarvan', 'het', 'hele', 'muiskleurige', 'gebergte', 'sidderde'], interpret(S1, M1, NewDRS), %this sentence is not interpreted correctly yet, so here is a hardcoded version M1 = [ lex(hij, [], [find(33), pronoun(1), male(33), singular(1), animate(33)], 1), lex(had, [1, 3], [verb(2), pastTense(2), eat(1), eat(3), singular(1), noun(1), before(1), noun(3), after(3)], 2), lex(lange, [4], [adj(3), eat(4), noun(4), next(4), same_features(3, 4)], 3), lex(witte, [5], [adj(4), eat(5), noun(5), next(5), same_features(4, 5)], 4), lex(scherpe, [6], [adj(5), eat(6), noun(6), next(6), same_features(5, 6)], 5), lex(tanden, [], [noun(6), plural(6), inanimate(6)], 6), lex(en, [2, 18], [conn(7), eat(2), eat(18)], 7), lex(iedere, [9, 13], [univ(8), eat(9), noun(9), next(9), singular(9), same_features(8, 9), verb(13), eat(13)], 8), lex(avond, [], [noun(9), inanimate(9), singular(9), male(9)], 9), % lex(om, [8, 11], [prep(10), eat(8), before(8), noun(8), eat(11), noun(11), after(11)], 10), % lex(zes, [12], [det(11), eat(12), noun(12), next(12), same_features(11, 12)], 11), % lex(uur, [], [noun(12), neuter(12), inanimate(12)], 12), lex(stiet, [14, 15, 17], [verb(13), pastTense(13), eat(14), eat(15), eat(17), singular(14), animate(14), noun(15), after(15), particle(17)], 13), lex(hij, [], [find(33), pronoun(14), male(33), singular(14), animate(33)], 14), lex(een, [16], [det(15), bind(15), eat(16), next(16), noun(16), singular(16), same_features(15, 16)], 15), lex(gebrul, [], [noun(16), singular(16), neuter(16), inanimate(16)], 16), lex(uit, [], [particle(17)], 17) , lex(waarvan, [16, 23], [prep(18), eat(10), eat(23), prep(10), verb(23)], 18), lex(het, [20], [det(19), find(11), eat(20), next(20), neuter(20), same_features(19, 20)], 19), lex(hele, [21], [adj(20), eat(21), noun(21), next(21), same_features(20, 21)], 20), lex(muiskleurige, [22], [adj(21), noun(22), next(22), same_features(21, 22), eat(22)], 21) , lex(gebergte, [], [noun(22), neuter(22), singular(22)], 22), lex(sidderde, [19], [verb(23), pastTense(23), singular(19), before(19), noun(19), eat(19)], 23)], docontext(M1, M1, NewDRS, NNewDRS), analyse([ ['dat', 'is', 'de', 'weerwolf'] ], NNewDRS, _NNNewDRS). go(S) :- retractall(tel(_)), assert(tel(1)), %blank slate DRS = drs([], []), analyse([S], DRS, _). gokat :- retractall(tel(_)), assert(tel(1)), %blank slate DRS = drs([], []), S = [ [ik,zie,een,rode,kat], [ik,zie,een,blauwe,mat], [de,kat,zit,op,de,mat] ], analyse(S, DRS, _). analyse([], DRS, DRS). analyse([Sentence | Rest], DRS, Result) :- interpret(Sentence, Meaning, DRS), writeln('Interpretation: '), writelist(Meaning), nl, %generatie check? docontext(Meaning, Meaning, DRS, drs(Ref, Cond)), writeln('Sentence: '), writeln(Sentence), nl, writeln('Meaning: '), writelist(Meaning), nl, writeln('Context: '), % 'pretty-print' DRS writeln(Ref), writeln('--------------'), writelist(Cond), nl, analyse(Rest, drs(Ref, Cond), Result). writelist([]). writelist([Head | Tail]) :- writeln(Head), writelist(Tail). % Groep 3: context model gocontext :- retractall(tel(_)), assert(tel(1)), DRS = drs([], []), Meaning = [lex(hij, [], [find(1), pronoun(1), male(1), singular(1), animate(1)], 1), lex(had, [1, 3], [verb(2), pastTense(2), eat(1), eat(3), singular(1), noun(1), before(1), noun(3), after(3)], 2), lex(lange, [4], [adj(3), eat(4), noun(4), next(4), same_features(3, 4)], 3), lex(witte, [5], [adj(4), eat(5), noun(5), next(5), same_features(4, 5)], 4), lex(scherpe, [6], [adj(5), eat(6), noun(6), next(6), same_features(5, 6)], 5), lex(tanden, [], [noun(6), plural(6), inanimate(6)], 6), lex(en, [2, 18], [conn(7), eat(2), eat(18)], 7), lex(iedere, [9, 13], [univ(8), eat(9), noun(9), next(9), singular(9), same_features(8, 9), verb(13), eat(13)], 8), lex(avond, [], [noun(9), inanimate(9), singular(9), male(9)], 9), % lex(om, [8, 11], [prep(10), eat(8), before(8), noun(8), eat(11), noun(11), after(11)], 10), % lex(zes, [12], [det(11), eat(12), noun(12), next(12), same_features(11, 12)], 11), % lex(uur, [], [noun(12), neuter(12), inanimate(12)], 12), lex(stiet, [14, 15, 17], [verb(13), pastTense(13), eat(14), eat(15), eat(17), singular(14), animate(14), noun(15), after(15), particle(17)], 13), lex(hij, [], [find(14), noun(14), male(14), singular(14), animate(14)], 14), lex(een, [16], [det(15), bind(15), eat(16), next(16), noun(16), singular(16), same_features(15, 16)], 15), lex(gebrul, [], [noun(16), singular(16), neuter(16), inanimate(16)], 16), lex(uit, [], [particle(17)], 17) , lex(waarvan, [16, 23], [prep(18), eat(10), eat(23), prep(10), verb(23)], 18), lex(het, [20], [det(19), find(19), eat(20), next(20), neuter(20), same_features(19, 20)], 19), lex(hele, [21], [adj(20), eat(21), noun(21), next(21), same_features(20, 21)], 20), lex(muiskleurige, [22], [adj(21), noun(22), next(22), same_features(21, 22), eat(22)], 21) , lex(gebergte, [], [noun(22), neuter(22), singular(22)], 22), lex(sidderde, [19], [verb(23), pastTense(23), singular(19), before(19), noun(19), eat(19)], 23)], /* Meaning = [ lex(in, [14, 4], [prep(1), eat(14), eat(4), verb(14), prep(4), after(4)], 1), lex(het, [3], [det(2), find(2), eat(3), next(3), neuter(3), same_features(2, 3)], 2), lex(midden, [], [noun(3), neuter(3)], 3), lex(van, [2, 7], [prep(4), eat(2), eat(7), noun(2), prep(7), before(2), after(7)], 4) , lex(het, [6], [det(5), find(5), eat(6), next(6), neuter(6), same_features(5, 6)], 5) , lex(hartje, [], [noun(6), neuter(6)], 6) , lex(van, [5, 10], [prep(7), eat(5), eat(10), noun(5), prep(10), before(5), after(10)], 7) , lex(het, [9], [det(8), find(8), eat(9), next(9), neuter(9), same_features(8, 9)], 8) , lex(binnenste, [], [noun(9), neuter(9)], 9) , lex(van, [8, 11], [prep(10), eat(8), eat(11), noun(8), noun(11), before(8), after(11)], 10) , lex(het, [12], [det(11), find(11), eat(12), next(12), neuter(12), same_features(11, 12)], 11) , lex(muiskleurig, [13], [adj(12), eat(13), noun(13), next(13), same_features(12, 13)], 12) , lex(gebergte, [], [noun(13), neuter(13), singular(13)], 13) , lex(woonde, [15], [verb(14), singular(14), past(14), eat(15), noun(15), animate(15)], 14) , lex(de, [16], [det(15), find(15), eat(16), noun(16), next(16), male(16), same_features(15, 16)], 15) , lex(weerwolf, [], [noun(16), animate(16), male(16)], 16)], */ docontext(Meaning, Meaning, DRS, NewDRS), writeln(NewDRS). gocontext1 :- M=[lex(hij, [], [find(1), noun(1), male(1), singular(1), animate(1)], 1), lex(was, [1, 4], [verb(2), pastTense(2), eat(1), eat(4), singular(1), noun(1), before(1), prep(4), after(4)], 2), lex(groot, [], [noun(3)], 3), lex(en, [3, 5], [npconj(4), eat(3), eat(5), noun(3), before(3), noun(5), after(5)], 4), lex(verschrikkelijk, [], [noun(5)], 5)], docontext(M,M,drs([2, 5, 8, 11, 15], [in(15, 2), midden(2), van(2, 5), hartje(5), van(5,8), binnenste(8), van(8, 11), gebergte(11), muiskleurig(11), woonde(15),weerwolf(15)]),ND), writeln(ND). %bind new referents dobind([], _, DRS, DRS). dobind([lex(Word, Vars, Feats, Id) | Rest], M, drs(Ref, Cond), drs(NewRef, Cond)) :- dobind(Rest, M, drs(Ref, Cond), drs(R, Cond)), ((member(bind(V), Feats) ; (member(find(V), Feats), var(V))) -> V = Id, %Add variable to M: member(lex(Word, Vars, Feats, Id), M), %Add new variable to Ref: union(R, [V], NewRef) ; % ?! nonvar(Ref), NewRef = R). % wrapper docontext(Meaning, Meaning, DRS, NewDRS) :- dobind(Meaning, Meaning, DRS, Tmp), Tmp = drs(Ref, Cond), %handle negation ((select(lex(_, _, C, _), Meaning, Rest), member(neg(_), C)) -> docontext(Rest, Rest, drs([], []), drs(NewRef, TempCond)), subtract(TempCond, Cond, NewCond), NewDRS = drs(Ref, [not(drs(NewRef, NewCond)) | Cond]) ; % handle sentence conjunction ((select(lex(_, _, D, _), Meaning, _Rest), member(conn(_), D)) -> append(A, [lex(_,_,D,_)|B], Meaning), docontext(A, A, DRS, drs(NewRef1, TempCond1)), docontext(B, B, DRS, drs(NewRef2, TempCond2)), % merge DRSes union(NewRef1, NewRef2, NewRef3), union(NewRef3, Ref, NewRef), union(TempCond1, TempCond2, TempCond3), union(TempCond3, Cond, NewCond), NewDRS = drs(NewRef, NewCond) ; % handle universal quantification ((select(lex(_, _, E, _), Meaning, Rest), member(univ(_), E)) -> select(eat(A), E, ER), %variable select(eat(B), ER, _), %sentence select(lex(W,_V,_F,A), Rest, RRest), %one-word hack for variable: Pred =.. [W, A], DRS1 = drs([A], [Pred]), %AM = [lex(W,V,F,A)], %plus more words? %eg. iedere donkere avond %docontext(AM, AM, drs([],[]), DRS1), docontext(RRest, RRest, drs([],[]), DRS2), DRS2 = drs(Ref2, Cond2), subtract(Ref2, Ref, NRef2), subtract(Cond2, Cond, Cond3), union(Cond, [forall(DRS1, drs(NRef2, Cond3))], NewCond), NewDRS = drs(Ref, NewCond) ; %normal sentence, stop recursing context(Meaning, Meaning, Tmp, NewDRS)))). context([], _, NewDRS, NewDRS). context([lex(Word, Vars, Feats, Id) | Rest], M, drs(Ref, Cond), Result) :- % add conditions to DRS % normal words, ie., neither a determiner or pronoun, has arguments: (\+ (member(det(_), Feats) ; member(npconj(_), Feats) ; member(pronoun(_), Feats) ; Vars = []) -> % handle NP conjunctions and copula (member(eat(X), Feats), member(lex(_,_,XFeats,X), M), member(npconj(X), XFeats) -> select(eat(A), XFeats, XRest), select(eat(B), XRest, _), (Vars = [Y, X] -> XVars1 = [Y, A], XVars2 = [Y, B] ; XVars1 = [A, Y], XVars2 = [B, Y]), ((deref(XVars1, M, DerefVars1), deref(XVars2, M, DerefVars2)) -> Pred1 =.. [Word | DerefVars1], Pred2 =.. [Word | DerefVars2], union(Ref, DerefVars1, Tmp), union(Tmp, DerefVars2, NewRef) ; %copula, verb has no meaning member(lex(Word1, _,_, A), M), member(lex(Word2, _,_, B), M), Pred1 =.. [Word1, Y], Pred2 =.. [Word2, Y], union(Ref, [Y], NewRef)), union(Cond, [Pred1, Pred2], NewCond) ; %resolve word IDs to discourse referents (deref(Vars, M, DerefVars) -> Pred =.. [Word | DerefVars], union(Ref, DerefVars, NewRef) ; %copula, verb has no meaning % eg. hij was groot: % get ref from 'hij', condition from 'groot' select(eat(A), Feats, XRest), select(eat(B), XRest, _), member(lex(_W,_,AF,A), M), member(lex(Word,_,_,B), M), member(bind(A), AF), Pred =.. [Word, A], union(Ref, [A], NewRef)), union(Cond, [Pred], NewCond)), context(Rest, M, drs(NewRef, NewCond), Result) ; %handle determiners ((member(det(_), Feats) ; member(pronoun(_), Feats)) -> (member(find(F), Feats) ; member(bind(F), Feats)), %recurse until word which hasn't eaten (noun) findconditions(F, Feats, M, Preds), union(Cond, Preds, NewCond), context(Rest, M, drs(Ref, NewCond), Result) ; % a word which hasn't eaten anything but is % eaten directly by a verb should bind a new referent % and be added as condition. ((member(lex(_,_,VFeat,_), M), member(eat(Id), VFeat), (member(verb(_), VFeat) ; member(prep(_), VFeat))) -> Pred =.. [Word, Id], union(Cond, [Pred], NewCond), union(Ref, [Id], NewRef), context(Rest, M, drs(NewRef, NewCond), Result) ; % other words without arguments are ignored: context(Rest, M, drs(Ref, Cond), Result)))). % eg. de -> rode -> kat should yield [kat, rode] findconditions(_F, Feats, _Meaning, []) :- \+ member(eat(_X), Feats). findconditions(F, Feats, Meaning, [Pred | Tail]) :- member(eat(X), Feats), select(lex(AteWord, _, NFeats, X), Meaning, Rest), Pred =.. [AteWord, F], findconditions(F, NFeats, Rest, Tail). % dereference word IDs to their original discourse referents % (ie., word ID from when referent was introduced) deref([], _Meaning, []). deref([V | Vars], Meaning, [R | RVars]) :- deref(Vars, Meaning, RVars), %find word referred to: select(lex(_, _, Feats, V), Meaning, Rest), %either the discourse referent has been found: (member(find(R), Feats) ; %or it has or will be bound: member(bind(R), Feats) ; % implicit bind: bare nouns (member(lex(_,_, Feats2, _), Meaning), member(eat(V), Feats2), member(verb(_), Feats2), R = V) ; %recurse (determiner contains find/bind). (\+ member(bind(_), Feats), \+ member(find(_), Feats), ((member(verb(_), Feats) ; member(prep(_), Feats) ; member(npconj(_), Feats) ; member(adv(_), Feats)) -> % resolve verb to one of its arguments %(which argument is part of ambiguity of language...) member(eat(Foo), Feats) ; %backwards: eg. kat -> rode -> de member(lex(_,_, Feats2, Foo), Meaning), member(eat(V), Feats2)), % prevent cycles by passing Rest, ie., without the word we just tried: deref([Foo], Rest, [R]))).